Study on Material Basis and Processing Principle of Fishy Smell of Pheretima aspergillum by Electronic Nose and HS-GC-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze and compare the fishy components in raw, stir-fried, liquorice-processed, vinegar-processed and wine-processed products of Pheretima aspergillum, and explore the material basis and processing principle of fishy smell of P. aspergillum. Method:Heracles Ⅱ ultra-fasted gas chromatography electronic nose technology combined with chemometrics was used for the overall analysis of volatile components in raw P. aspergillum and its processed products. Headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) was used to analyze and identify the volatile compositions in the raw products and processed products. Gas chromatographic conditions were as following：temperature program (initial temperature at 60 ℃, kept for 5 min, up to 120 ℃ with the heating rate of 3 ℃·min-1, and then up to 230 ℃ with the heating rate of 10 ℃·min-1 and finished), the inlet temperature at 280 ℃, high purity helium as the carrier gas, the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1, the split ratio of 20∶1. Mass spectrum conditions were as following：electron impact ionization (EI), electron collision energy of 70 eV, ion source temperature of 230 ℃, quadrupole temperature at 150 ℃, scanning range of m/z 50-550. The relative content of each component was calculated by peak area normalization. Result:Principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant factor analysis (DFA) of the electronic nose showed that the raw products and its processed products could be clearly distinguished from each other. Among them, the difference between raw products and stir-fried, liquorice-processed products was small, but the difference between raw products and vinegar-processed, wine-processed products was large. A total of 25, 27, 22, 26 and 33 components were respectively identified from raw, stir-fried, liquorice-processed, vinegar-processed and wine-processed products of P. aspergillum, there were 13 common components in these products, including 4 aldehydes (isovaleraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, hexanal, benzaldehyde), 2 ketones (2-heptanone, 2-tridecanone), 1 carboxylic acid (lauric acid), 4 heterocyclic compounds (2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2-pentylfuran, 2-ethyl-6-methyl pyrazine), 1 amine (trimethylamine) and 1 alcohol (1-octen-3-ol). Conclusion:The odorous components in the raw products are mainly derived from aldehydes (isovaleraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, 2-ethylhexanal, hexanal) and amines (trimethylamine). Odorous components of P. aspergillum can be reduced effectively by stir-fried and liquorice, vinegar, wine processing, while flavoring substances can be increased by wine processing to cover its ugly odor. This paper can provide scientific basis for the deodorization of P. aspergillum by processing, and also provide reference for the analysis and correction of ugly odor of other animal medicines.

Comparison on Volatile Oil Content and Chemical Constituents Among Different Parts of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Pieces with Different Processing Methods / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To compare the difference of the content of volatile oil and the total relative percentage of phthalein compounds in volatile oil among different parts about Ligusticum chuanxiong, or among different decoction pieces with different processing methods. Method::Steam distillation was used(in the extraction of volatile oil.The chemical constituents of the volatile oil were identified by GC-MS analysis, and relative content of each component was determined by normalization method. Result::The contents of volatile oil in different parts were obviously different, and the order of the contents from high to low was rhizome(1.12%)>fibrous root(0.75%)>aerial part(0.41%). The GC-MS analysis similar compounds find in the three different volatile oils, and the order of total relative percentages of phthalein compounds from high to low was roots(83.29%)>rhizomes(44.5%)>aerial part(39.95%). On the other hand, the volatile oil content of three different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces with different processing methods was C(0.87%)>A(0.75%)>B(0.7%). The total relative percentages of phthalein compounds analyzed by GC-MS was C(79.14%)>A(73.09%)>B(67.29%). Conclusion::The content of phthalein compounds in the volatile oil of fibrous root was higher than that of rhizome, thus it can be appropriately used.The volatile oil content and chemical composition of different Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were significantly different.The content of volatile oil and phthalein compounds in fresh-cut Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces were the most high, thus fresh-cutting can be used as a new processing method for Chuanxiong Rhizoma pieces.

Research Progress on Application and Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Gout / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Gout is the second largest metabolic disease after diabetes, with a high incidence worldwide. Gout is a common and complex arthritic disease that, if left untreated, can damage joints and, in severe cases, lead to kidney stones and even life-threatening kidney failure. Although western medicine has also made significant achievements in the treatment of gout, it is often accompanied by gastrointestinal reactions, liver injury and other adverse reactions, and is prone to relapse after drug withdrawal, making the radical treatment of gout a difficult problem. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used in gout have relatively long history, TCM has the characteristics of multiple ingredients targets, not only can produce related enzyme activity by inhibiting the uric acid(UA) and lowering uric acid generation, also can reduce uric acid by promoting uric acid excretion, except the uric acid reduction most applied in gout neighborhood of TCM can effectively reduce joint inflammation. TCM is mild, and the incidence of adverse reactions in the treatment of gout is significantly lower than that of western medicine. Some TCM can even play a role while protecting the kidney, so TCM is expected to solve the problem of treating gout. In recent years, a large number of studies have been conducted on the application of TCM in the gout neighborhood at home and abroad. By summarizing the studies on the application of TCM in the gout disease in the past 10 years, the mechanism of action and material basis have been summarized and analyzed, in the hope of providing references for the studies on the prevention and treatment of gout by TCM.

Exploring the pathogenesis and therapy of liver cancer from "damp-heat insidious pathogen" to "cancer toxin" / 中国中西医结合杂志

From a macro-level analysis of the attributes and pathogenic features of HBV, the main pathogenic factor for chronic liver diseases including viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, the concept of damp-heat insidious pathogen was obtained, according to which, in-depth discussions were undertaken. Adopting syndrome typing of Wei (defense), qi (vital energy), Ying (nutrients), and blood, the pathogens leading to different syndromes as well as new products such as pathological "sputum", "stasis" in the disease process were understood, and then, the pathological "sputum" and "stasis", as the hub, playing a role in chronic lesions of the liver collateral were explained. Finally the pathological "sputum" and "stasis" blend and form cancer toxin. Through a comprehensive understanding of the development of chronic liver diseases, it is clear that damp-heat insidious pathogen, as its initiating factor, always exists in the whole process. We summed up heat clearing, dampness resolving, and detoxification was the principle for treating chronic liver disease.

Clinical study on Baihua Xianglian detoxification recipe combined with adefovir dipivoxil in treating HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects on patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B by Baihua Xianglian Detoxification Recipe (BXDR) combined adefovir dipivoxil (AD), and to assess its clinical efficacy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A multi-center randomized clinical trial was performed, and 240 patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. Patients in the experimental group were given AD 10 mg, once daily, while BXDR was additionally given those in the control group, twice daily. The treatment course was 48 weeks. The virologic, serologic, biochemical, chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ) score, and adverse event were observed for 12, 24, and 48 weeks.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) In aspect of virology: From the 12th week, statistical difference existed in the HBVDNA logarithm value between the experimental group and the control group (P < 0.05). The virologic response rate was 62.71% and 77.97% in the experimental group at the 12th and 24th week, while it was 49. 57% and 67. 52% in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the virological response rate at the 48th week (P > 0.05). The HBVDNA negative rate in the experimental group was 22.03% at the 12th week, 41.52% at the 24th week, and 55.08% at the 48th week. It was 11.11%, 21.37%, and 30.77% in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). (2) In aspect of HBeAg/anti-HBe serology: The serum HBeAg response rate was 26.27% at the 24th week and 39.83% at the 48th week in the experimental group, while it was 13.68% at the 24th week and 29.06% at the 48th week in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). The HBeAg negative conversion rate at the 48th week of treatment was 22.03% in the experimental group and 11.96% in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). (3) In aspect of biochemistry: The biochemical response rate at the 24th week and the 48th week was 74.58% and 87.29% respectively in the experimental group, while it was 60.68% and 79.49% in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). (4) In aspect of CLDQ score: After treatment the CLDQ scores in the two groups were higher compared with before treatment with statistical difference (P < 0.05). The CLDQ scores at the 24th week and the 48th week in the experimental group were superior to those in the control group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05). (5) In aspect of adverse reactions: The main adverse reactions were headache, abdominal pain, nausea. During the study period, the total creatine kinase (CK) increased in 9 cases with the occurrence rate of 3.83%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In treating patients with HBeAg positive CHB, BXDR combined AD could significantly improve the inhibition of HBVDNA, increase the HBeAg seroconversion rates, accelerate the recovery of the liver function, improve the quality of life with higher safety.</p>

Aitongxiao recipe regulated survivin and Bcl- 2 in rats' transplanted hepatoma carcinoma cell / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the main mechanisms of Aitongxiao Recipe (ATXR) for anti-tumor at the molecular level, and to clarify different efficient drugs' roles in anti-tumor, thus in-depth explaining the objectivity and substance of "cancer toxic" theory.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Walker-256 tumor strain was used for Wistar rat transplanted liver cancer modeling. After successful modeling rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, i. e., the ATXP group, the qi regulating and blood circulating group (as the assembled I group), the heat clearing and detoxification group (as the assembled II group), the body resistance strengthening and cultivating group (as the assembled III group), and the model group, 10 in each group. Corresponding medication was given to rats in each group for 14 successive days. Finally rats were sacrificed and the tumor mass was taken out. The apoptosis rate and the cell cycle of tumor cells were detected by flow cytometry Annexin V/PI. The protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and survivin were detected using immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The apoptosis of hepatoma carcinoma cells could be obviously promoted in the ATXP group. The cell cycle could also be affected, making major cells arrest at G0/G1 phase. The proliferation of hepatoma carcinoma cells was effectively prevented. The efficacy in the assembled II group was in line with that in the ATXP group with no statistical difference (P>0.05). It was also effective in the assembled III group, but its efficacy was not as good as that in the former two groups, showing statistical difference (P<0.01). (2) ATXP could obviously down-regulate the protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and survivin in hepatoma carcinoma cells. Drugs for heat clearing and detoxification showed significant effects on down-regulating the protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and survivin in hepatoma carcinoma cells. Their effects were similar to that of ATXP (P>0.05). The effects of drugs for body resistance strengthening and cultivating were not as good as the former two, showing statistical difference (P<0.01). Drugs for blood circulating and stasis removing could up-regulate the protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and survivin to some extent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>(1) ATXP could increase the apoptosis ratio of hepatoma carcinoma cells obviously through down-regulating the protein and mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 and survivin, thus inhibiting their proliferation. (2) Drugs for heat clearing and detoxification played the most important roles in ATXP. The evil heat and dampness (damp-heat insidious pathogen) is the most fundamental carcinogenic factors. The insufficiency of vital qi is also one of the pathogenic factors. The mechanisms of phlegm, stasis, and other pathological products are not clear and await further studies.</p>

Relationship of Chinese medicine syndrome with endothelium-dependent vasodilatation function and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with hypertensive disease / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship of Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation function (EDVF) in patients with hypertensive disease (HD) for providing an objective basis of syndrome differentiation in HD patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Color Doppler's ultrasound was used to measure the endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of brachial artery and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in 60 HD patients (the HD group) and 30 normal controls (the control group). And the relationship of the outcomes with Chinese medicine syndrome types in patients was analyzed statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>FMD was lower and CIMT was higher in HD patients of all syndrome types than those in the control group respectively (P<0.01). Comparison between patients of different syndrome types showed that FMD was higher in patients of Gan-fire exuberance type and yin-deficiency and yang-hyperaction type than in those of both yin-yang deficiency type and phlegm-dampness stagnancy type (P<0.01, P<0.05), while CIMT in patients of Gan-fire exuberance type was the lowest in all types, and that in yin-deficiency and yang-hyperaction type was lower than in yin-yang deficiency type (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CIMT and FMD may be used as a reference index for CM syndrome differentiation in HD patients.</p>